Pervasive doom and gloom dominates much of the popular news about the environment. Global warming, sea level rise, ocean acidification, drought, wildfires, overfishing, or overpopulation\u2014it all contributes to a feeling of despair and hopelessness, particularly among young people. This struck home for me on a personal level during a recent conversation with my college-aged son and a few of his friends\u2014they felt they were \u201ctotally screwed\u201d because of the inevitable impacts of climate change.<\/p>\n

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Cuyahoga River fire, 1952. Courtesy clevelandmemory.org<\/p><\/div>\n

One value of getting older is that you\u2019ve seen more and have a longer history to draw on. I grew up in southern California from the 1950s through the 1970s when environmental problems were severe and visible \u2013 air pollution (I remember frequent episodes of eye-burning smog that caused incessant coughing fits during water polo practice) and sewage contamination that led much of Santa Monica Bay\u2019s beaches to be permanently closed to swimming (1,2). While I was in graduate school, I visited a colleague in Cleveland in the late 1960s, just a couple of years after the Cuyahoga River caught on fire again, because it was so polluted that, as Time Magazine put it, the river \u201coozes rather than flows\u201d (Time, August 1, 1969).<\/p>\n

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Smog over Los Angeles basin. Credit: Al Pavangkanan, CC BY 2.0.<\/p><\/div>\n

And yet, we\u2019ve solved many of these and other problems that seemed so overwhelming at the time, and we\u2019ve made major progress on newer ones such as the ozone hole. One useful thing about getting older is that it provides some protection against the shifting baseline phenomenon<\/a>\u00a0in which our perceptions are dominated by more recent information while the past recedes in our collective memory and is not part of our current awareness. For good reason, environmental advocates typically focus on shifting baselines that cause us to see current, degraded conditions as normal. For example, the average size of top-of-the-food chain fish, such as swordfish, has declined substantially since the 1800s (3), to the extent that most people cannot even imagine a 400-pound swordfish. Yet shifting baselines also diminish our awareness of past successes and the effort that went into them. My son and his friends were only vaguely aware of southern California\u2019s decades-long battle against air<\/a> and water (2) pollution. As a result, they have no experience of hard-won success to draw on as they consider what their future holds. And because they\u2019re not in the engineering facilities and meeting rooms where solutions to California\u2019s current extreme drought and likely drier future are being crafted and implemented, they\u2014and much of the rest of the public\u2014don\u2019t appreciate the stunning speed with which solutions such as stormwater capture<\/a> and the potable reuse of treated wastewater<\/a> are being developed and implemented.<\/p>\n